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The 7 Layers Explained Modern Threats Across the OSI Stack Where Firevault Fits CSPaaS: Securing All 7 Layers Compliance & Security Frameworks Frequently Asked Questions Firevault’s Verdict What Is the OSI Model? 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The 7 Layers Explained Modern Threats Across the… ![Mark Fermor](/assets/mark-fermor-C-vy1NeN.jpg) Mark Fermor Director & Co-Founder, Firevault 4 min read Share [](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffire-vault.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know)[](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffire-vault.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know&text=OSI%20Model%3A%20Everything%20You%20Need%20to%20Know%0A%0AUpdated%20July%202025%20%7C%20Estimated%20read%20time%3A%209%20minutes%20%7C%20Published%20by%20Firevault%20Contents%20What%20Is%20the%20OSI%20Model%3F%20The%207%20Layers%20Explained%20Modern%20Threats%20Across%20the%E2%80%A6)[](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffire-vault.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know)[](mailto:?subject=OSI%20Model%3A%20Everything%20You%20Need%20to%20Know&body=Updated%20July%202025%20%7C%20Estimated%20read%20time%3A%209%20minutes%20%7C%20Published%20by%20Firevault%20Contents%20What%20Is%20the%20OSI%20Model%3F%20The%207%20Layers%20Explained%20Modern%20Threats%20Across%20the%E2%80%A6%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Ffire-vault.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know) ![Layered network cabling in a structured patch panel with blue and green indicator lights](/__l5e/assets-v1/94c97e61-7fdb-43ec-8cd5-d947e573db24/osi-model-explainer-1771248291589-2x.jpg) Explainer Article record **Explainer**Category **10 July 2025**Published **4 min read**Reading time **Mark Fermor**Written by Layered network cabling in a structured patch panel with blue and green indicator lights Why it matters ## What this means for organisations holding critical data Updated July 2025 | Estimated read time: 9 minutes | Published by Firevault Contents What Is the OSI Model? The 7 Layers Explained Modern Threats Across the… In this analysis 1. 01 [Contents](#section-0) 2. 02 [What Is the OSI Model?](#section-1) 3. 03 [The 7 Layers Explained](#section-2) 4. 04 [Modern Threats Across the OSI Stack](#section-3) 5. 05 [Where Firevault Fits](#section-4) 6. 06 [CSPaaS: Securing All 7 Layers](#section-5) **On this page**[Contents](#section-0)[What Is the OSI Model?](#section-1)[The 7 Layers Explained](#section-2)[Modern Threats Across the OSI Stack](#section-3)[Where Firevault Fits](#section-4)[CSPaaS: Securing All 7 Layers](#section-5)[Compliance & Security Framew…](#section-6)[Frequently Asked Questions](#section-7)[Firevault’s Verdict](#section-8) **Updated July 2025** | Estimated read time: 9 minutes | Published by Firevault ## Contents 1. [What Is the OSI Model?](#what-is-osi) 2. [The 7 Layers Explained](#seven-layers) 3. [Modern Threats Across the OSI Stack](#threats) 4. [Where Firevault Fits](#firevault-fit) 5. [CSPaaS: Securing All 7 Layers](#cspaas) 6. [Compliance & Security Frameworks](#compliance) 7. [Frequently Asked Questions](#faqs) 8. [Firevault’s Verdict](#verdict) ## What Is the OSI Model? The **Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model** is a universal reference model used to describe how data moves through a digital network. Created by the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), it divides digital communication into **seven layers**, from the physical transmission of bits to human-facing applications. It remains foundational for designing secure systems, troubleshooting connectivity, and defending against multi-layered attacks. ## The 7 Layers Explained Layer Name Function 7 Application User-facing software, protocols (HTTPS, FTP, DNS) 6 Presentation Data formatting, encryption, translation (SSL, TLS) 5 Session Connection setup, management, termination 4 Transport Reliable transmission (TCP/UDP, ports) 3 Network Routing, addressing (IP, routers) 2 Data Link MAC addressing, switching (Ethernet, VLANs) 1 Physical Cables, NICs, voltage, RF signals ## Modern Threats Across the OSI Stack Each OSI layer presents a unique attack surface. Cybercriminals don’t just operate at one level, they move laterally and vertically: - **Physical (L1):** Cable tapping, electromagnetic leaks, fault injection, rogue hardware - **Data Link (L2):** ARP spoofing, MAC flooding, switch hijacks - **Network (L3):** IP spoofing, route hijacking, DDoS - **Transport (L4):** Port scans, SYN floods, DoS via TCP manipulation - **Session (L5):** Session hijacking, token theft, connection abuse - **Presentation (L6):** Protocol downgrade attacks, SSL stripping, malformed payloads - **Application (L7):** SQL injection, phishing, credential stuffing, XSS Traditional tools focus on firewalls, AV, or network monitoring. But attackers bypass or overwhelm those controls by targeting multiple layers at once. ## Where Firevault Fits ### Firevault – Offline Digital Vault Firevault avoids the OSI stack entirely. It stores data in **a physically disconnected environment** with no broadcast, no route, and no exposure. This means: - **No Layer 1 risk:** No signal = no interception, fault injection, or rogue hardware threats. - **No Layer 2–4 exposure:** MAC spoofing, IP hijacking, port-based threats are impossible. - **No Layer 5–7 vulnerabilities:** Apps can’t exploit what isn’t online. Firevault is invisible by design. Every time you place files inside Firevault, they drop out of the OSI model. You’re not encrypting risk, you’re removing it entirely. ## CSPaaS: Securing All 7 Layers **Firevault CSPaaS** extends this model. It offers forensic-grade, modular security controls that align with each OSI layer: - **Layer 1 – Lock:** Electrically isolates ports and power paths. Controls device visibility at the physical layer. - **Layer 2 – Fracture:** Performs segmentation at the hardware and MAC level, no VLAN bypass risk. - **Layer 3 – Relay:** Breaks the route chain for sensitive communications. DNS and routing rules applied at gateway level. - **Layer 4 – Execute:** Limits transport-layer exposure using closed command rules and protocol isolation. - **Layer 5–7 – Vault:** Handles data session, format, and access in a controlled, timed, and identity-locked space. No live sessions are allowed beyond defined rulesets. CSPaaS doesn’t just defend every layer, it _asserts policy across them_, even in disconnected or hybrid environments. ## Compliance & Security Frameworks By isolating from the OSI model and selectively controlling interaction points, Firevault strengthens compliance posture against: - **ISO/IEC 27001:** Access control, asset protection, audit readiness - **[NIST CSF](/solutions/control/frameworks/nist-csf):** Aligns with “Protect” and “Recover” functions by eliminating lateral risk - **NIS2 & GDPR:** Segmenting critical data, ensuring data minimisation, and demonstrating integrity - **[IEC 62443](/solutions/control/frameworks/iec-62443):** Ideal for OT and industrial environments, vaults operate without converging IT/OT risk ## Frequently Asked Questions **Is Firevault a network security tool?** No. Firevault works _below_ and _outside_ the network stack. It removes the most sensitive assets from the digital path altogether. **Can I use Firevault alongside traditional OSI-based tools?** Yes. Think of Firevault as an offline escape hatch for your crown-jewel data, used alongside but outside your live infrastructure. **Does CSPaaS replace my firewall or endpoint tools?** No, it integrates with them, applying policy at a lower, disconnected, or segmented layer that traditional tools can’t reach. **How does this help in ransomware protection?** Ransomware operates across L3–L7. Firevault eliminates the attack surface entirely by making target files unreachable and undetectable. ## Firevault’s Verdict The OSI model remains essential to understanding how systems connect, and how attackers move. But Firevault offers something OSI never accounted for: **total disconnection**. When your most valuable files don’t participate in digital conversations, they don’t risk interception, corruption, or encryption. **Firevault Offline Vaults make security physical.** **CSPaaS turns that philosophy into a scalable platform, protecting the layers attackers live in, and eliminating the ones they need.** [↑ Back to top](#contents) About the author ![Mark Fermor](/assets/mark-fermor-C-vy1NeN.jpg) ### Mark Fermor [](https://www.linkedin.com/in/mfermor) Director & Co-Founder Co-founder of Firevault, focused on offline secure storage and protecting individuals and businesses from fraud, fines, loss and damage. Speaker, owner and advisor. The Firevault view**Offline Secure Storage® keeps a clean copy beyond the reach of an attacker.**[Why #OSS →](/why-oss) Control systems and access**Cut the physical paths attackers and third parties depend on.**[Explore Control →](/solutions/control) Get started**Create your vault, or talk to a member of the team.**[Create your vault →](/get-started) How Firevault would handle this ## Physical disconnection removes the path an attacker needs Offline Secure Storage® holds a clean copy of your data on hardware that is physically disconnected, so an intrusion cannot reach it, encrypt it or delete it. [Create your vault](/get-started)[Talk to the team](/demo) **Hardware**Your data sits on dedicated encrypted hardware **Disconnect**Offline by default, connected only when you say so **Command**Access windows and retrieval under your control **Location**Held in a secure Firevault Bunker Related Reading ## You may also find these useful [ ![NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF): Everything You Need to Know](/__l5e/assets-v1/3675d592-37ce-4b4f-a801-25325c857548/nist-csf-explainer-1771248286976-2x.jpg) Explainer ### NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF): Everything You Need to Know NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF): Everything You Need to Know Updated July 2025 | Estimated read time: 10 minutes | Published by Firevault Contents What Is… 10 Jul 2025 4 min ](/news/nist-cybersecurity-framework-csf-everything-you-need-to-know)[ ![The MITRE ATT&CK Framework: Everything You Need to Know](/__l5e/assets-v1/2626b42c-2d81-46aa-a3a2-8866b2f9d78a/mitre-attack-explainer-1771248287180-2x.jpg) Explainer ### The MITRE ATT&CK Framework: Everything You Need to Know MITRE ATT&CK Framework: Everything You Need to Know Updated July 2025 | Estimated read time: 8 minutes | Published by Firevault Contents What Is MITRE ATT&CK?… 10 Jul 2025 4 min ](/news/the-mitre-attck-framework-everything-you-need-to-know)[ ![Zero Trust Architecture: Everything You Need to Know](/__l5e/assets-v1/832dae27-2ccf-4a13-aad1-d2850558675b/zero-trust-explainer-1771248288367-2x.jpg) Explainer ### Zero Trust Architecture: Everything You Need to Know Cybersecurity Explainer · Updated July 2025 · Estimated read time: 7 minutes · Published by Firevault Contents What Is Zero Trust? 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The 7 Layers Explained Modern Threats Across the… ![OSI Model: Everything You Need to Know](/__l5e/assets-v1/94c97e61-7fdb-43ec-8cd5-d947e573db24/osi-model-explainer-1771248291589-2x.jpg) ![Mark Fermor](/assets/mark-fermor-C-vy1NeN.jpg) Published by Mark Fermor , Director & Co-Founder Share [](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffire-vault.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know)[](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffire-vault.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know&text=OSI%20Model%3A%20Everything%20You%20Need%20to%20Know%0A%0AUpdated%20July%202025%20%7C%20Estimated%20read%20time%3A%209%20minutes%20%7C%20Published%20by%20Firevault%20Contents%20What%20Is%20the%20OSI%20Model%3F%20The%207%20Layers%20Explained%20Modern%20Threats%20Across%20the%E2%80%A6)[](https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffire-vault.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know)[](mailto:?subject=OSI%20Model%3A%20Everything%20You%20Need%20to%20Know&body=Updated%20July%202025%20%7C%20Estimated%20read%20time%3A%209%20minutes%20%7C%20Published%20by%20Firevault%20Contents%20What%20Is%20the%20OSI%20Model%3F%20The%207%20Layers%20Explained%20Modern%20Threats%20Across%20the%E2%80%A6%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Ffire-vault.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know) [Read full article](https://fire-vault.com/news/the-osi-model-everything-you-need-to-know) ## Suggested Reading - [What is Offline Secure Storage The foundation of physical disconnection ](/offline-secure-storage/what-is-oss) - [Why Offline Secure Storage The case for physical control ](/why-oss) - [Ransomware Defence Hold gold copies offline ](/oss-for-ransomware-recovery) - [Control Physical path control for IT and OT ](/solutions/control) - [Knowledge Vault All articles, guides and whitepapers ](/learn/knowledge) - [Book a Demo See Firevault in action ](/demo) [Back to Knowledge Vault](/learn/knowledge)